The loss of a loved one is always a difficult and emotional experience. When it comes to funeral traditions, Japan has a rich and unique culture that is deeply rooted in respect, tradition, and spiritual beliefs. From the preparation of the body to the final resting place, Japanese funeral ceremonies are carefully planned and executed with precision and grace. In this article, we will explore the various traditions and customs that make up a Japanese funeral ceremony.
Preparation of the Body
In Japan, the process of preparing the body is called ‘kansou’ and it involves washing and dressing the deceased in traditional funeral attire. The body is typically washed by family members and dressed in a white kimono or robe, which represents purity and the transition to the afterlife. The head of the deceased is also adorned with a small white cap known as a ‘tenugui’ or a ‘hachimaki’, depending on the region. The tenugui is often tied in a way that covers the deceased’s face, as it is believed that the face should not be seen once the soul has left the body.
Funeral Services
The funeral service, known as ‘ososhiki’, is typically held within a week of the person’s passing. The service is often held at a funeral home or temple and may involve religious rituals and offerings. Family members and close friends of the deceased are expected to attend and offer condolences. Visitors are expected to dress formally in black or dark clothing.
During the ceremony, mourners are seated in front of the altar, facing the deceased. The altar is adorned with flowers, candles, and a portrait of the deceased. The ceremony is typically led by a priest, who offers prayers and recites sutras. In some cases, family members may also speak or offer eulogies.
After the ceremony, mourners are expected to offer incense at the altar and bow to the deceased as a sign of respect. The funeral procession then begins, with family members and close friends carrying the casket to the hearse. The procession may also include a traditional Japanese flute called a ‘shakuhachi’ or a drum known as a ‘taiko’.
Cremation and Burial
In Japan, cremation is the most common form of disposition. The cremation process typically takes place immediately after the funeral service, with the family members in attendance. The ashes are then placed in an urn and taken to the final resting place.
In Japan, burial is also an option, although it is less common than cremation. Burials are typically reserved for religious reasons or for those who have specific requests for burial. Burials in Japan are typically done in a family plot or a community cemetery.
Symbolism of White Flowers
In Japanese culture, flowers hold a significant meaning and are often used to express emotions and convey messages. In the context of a funeral, white flowers are commonly used to symbolize purity, innocence, and the hope for the soul’s journey to the afterlife. Some of the most commonly used white flowers at Japanese funerals include chrysanthemums, lilies, and cherry blossoms.
Chrysanthemums, or ‘kiku’ in Japanese, are a symbol of death and are often associated with funerals. In Japan, they are also considered a symbol of the emperor and the imperial family. Lilies, or ‘yuri’ in Japanese, are often used as a symbol of the restoration of innocence and the hope for rebirth. Cherry blossoms, or ‘sakura’, are associated with the transience of life and the beauty of nature.
Mourning Period
After the funeral, the family enters a mourning period known as ‘koden’. During this time, the family wears black or dark clothing and refrains from social activities. Visitors are expected to bring condolences and offerings such as fruit or flowers. The mourning period typically lasts for 49 days, which is considered to be the time it takes for the soul to transition to the afterlife.
Ceremony at the 49th Day
In Japanese culture, the number seven is considered to be a significant number, as it represents the seven days of creation. In turn, the number 49 holds a special meaning as it represents seven times seven, and is often associated with cycles of rebirth and renewal. As such, there is a tradition in Japan where a ceremony is held on the 49th day after a person’s passing.
The ceremony is known as the ‘shijūkunichi’, and is held to commemorate the 49th day since the person’s passing. It is believed that on this day, the soul has completed its journey and has reached the afterlife. During the ceremony, family members and close friends gather to offer prayers and incense at the altar. Food offerings such as rice cakes and fruits are also presented to the deceased.
Other Traditions of a Japanese Funeral Ceremony
Aside from the preparation of the body, funeral service, cremation, and mourning period, there are other traditions and customs that are observed in a Japanese funeral ceremony. These include:
- The use of a ‘koden‘ envelope: When attending a funeral, it is customary to bring a condolence offering in the form of money or a koden envelope. The envelope typically contains an amount of money that is considered appropriate for the relationship between the giver and the deceased.
- The ‘kotsuage’ ceremony: After the cremation, family members are given a set of chopsticks to retrieve the bones of the deceased from the ashes. This ceremony is known as ‘kotsuage’, and is considered to be a symbolic act of taking the deceased’s soul home.
- The ‘kotsu-ishi’: In some regions of Japan, it is customary to place a small stone or pebble on the casket during the funeral procession. This stone, known as ‘kotsu-ishi’, is believed to represent the family’s wish for the safe passage of the deceased to the afterlife.
- The ‘nokanshi’: In Japan, it is common to hire a professional mourner known as the ‘nokanshi’ to assist with the funeral arrangements. The nokanshi is responsible for preparing the body, coordinating the funeral service, and offering support and guidance to the family during the mourning period.
Final Thoughts
In Japan, funeral traditions are deeply rooted in respect, tradition, and spirituality. From the preparation of the body to the final resting place, every step of the funeral process is carefully planned and executed with precision and grace. By honoring the deceased in this way, Japanese funeral traditions offer comfort and closure to those who are left behind.
